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隨著一大批懷揣夢(meng)想的(de)人才(cai)加入，新型職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民呈(cheng)現出(chu)與傳(chuan)統農(nong)民不一樣的(de)特(te)點。過去農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產以產量(liang)(liang)(liang)為導向，人才(cai)培(pei)養更關注數量(liang)(liang)(liang)規模，重點在切蛋糕、分(fen)資金、下任務；現在農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)統籌(chou)發展，步入高質量(liang)(liang)(liang)發展階段，人才(cai)培(pei)養也(ye)要圍繞提升(sheng)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)，向建機制、定規范(fan)轉(zhuan)變。

日前(qian)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村部(bu)啟動職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)培育(yu)3年(nian)(nian)提(ti)質增效行動，推(tui)動職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)培育(yu)轉型(xing)升級，從(cong)注重(zhong)數量向數量質量并(bing)重(zhong)轉變。中(zhong)(zhong)央一號文件已(yi)連續(xu)8年(nian)(nian)對培育(yu)新(xin)型(xing)職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)作出部(bu)署(shu)，讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)從(cong)幾千年(nian)(nian)的身(shen)份認同(tong)向職業(ye)(ye)認同(tong)轉變。職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)有(you)何特征，又應該(gai)如何培育(yu)？建(jian)立職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)制度要從(cong)哪些(xie)方面(mian)發力？經濟(ji)日報·中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)經濟(ji)網記者采訪了有(you)關專(zhuan)家和農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經營主體(ti)。

新農民要干新農事

“談到鄉(xiang)村振興，人們(men)多強調對(dui)鄉(xiang)村發(fa)展的物(wu)質投入，其實人力資(zi)本投入更重要。”國(guo)務院發(fa)展研究中心農(nong)(nong)村部部長葉興慶(qing)認為，新世紀以來(lai)，我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村青壯年勞動力大(da)(da)規(gui)模從鄉(xiang)村流(liu)(liu)向城鎮。其特點是年輕的和文化(hua)(hua)程度高(gao)的流(liu)(liu)動性(xing)大(da)(da)，年齡大(da)(da)的文化(hua)(hua)程度低(di)的沉淀在農(nong)(nong)村。務農(nong)(nong)老(lao)齡化(hua)(hua)低(di)學歷化(hua)(hua)，使得“誰來(lai)種(zhong)地(di)”的問題日益突出，迫切需(xu)要建設一支(zhi)高(gao)素(su)質新型職業農(nong)(nong)民隊伍(wu)。

按照(zhao)規劃(hua)，“十三五”期間全國要培育(yu)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)2000萬名。“這就要求持續擴大各類型職業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)規模，但更重要的是要著力優化素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)。”農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)部科技教育(yu)司(si)司(si)長廖西元說，從(cong)(cong)(cong)部分地區抽樣統計看，目前農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)從(cong)(cong)(cong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)的素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)不容樂觀。在年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)結構(gou)上，各地務農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)50歲(sui)以(yi)上的普遍超過90%，很多(duo)地區平均年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)已突破(po)60歲(sui)。在教育(yu)程度上，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)從(cong)(cong)(cong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)初中(zhong)以(yi)下文化程度普遍占(zhan)到90%至95%。因此，職業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)培育(yu)必須更加注重后繼者(zhe)培養，采取超常規政(zheng)策措施，把勞(lao)動者(zhe)素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)優化到與發展現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)相匹(pi)配的水(shui)平。

隨著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)大批懷(huai)揣(chuai)夢想(xiang)的(de)人才(cai)加入，新型職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)呈現出與傳(chuan)統(tong)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)不一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)特點。“父輩做(zuo)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)，一(yi)(yi)年四季圍著(zhu)大田作(zuo)物轉。如今，我當了農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)，卻總是想(xiang)著(zhu)新農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)要干新農(nong)(nong)事。”這(zhe)是返鄉(xiang)創業(ye)退伍軍人賴(lai)志剛的(de)心(xin)聲。33歲的(de)賴(lai)志剛在(zai)江西省定南縣天九鎮流轉了200多畝土地，建(jian)起(qi)了藍(lan)(lan)(lan)莓莊(zhuang)園，每(mei)逢周末，采摘的(de)游客絡繹不絕。他對市場極(ji)為敏(min)感。這(zhe)種敏(min)感，讓他在(zai)最(zui)初單一(yi)(yi)的(de)藍(lan)(lan)(lan)莓之(zhi)外，加入了枇杷、櫻桃等當紅(hong)水果。藍(lan)(lan)(lan)莓不易(yi)儲存，他就把(ba)鮮藍(lan)(lan)(lan)莓加工成附加值(zhi)高的(de)藍(lan)(lan)(lan)莓汁、藍(lan)(lan)(lan)莓酒，并(bing)用(yong)“電商+直播”模式，在(zai)線上銷售。

如今，職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)在(zai)(zai)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)的(de)輻射帶動作用也更加凸顯。在(zai)(zai)提升產業(ye)(ye)效益方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，四川職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)產業(ye)(ye)效益比(bi)普通農(nong)民(min)高出20%，甘肅(su)面(mian)(mian)向貧(pin)困戶(hu)開展一戶(hu)一個(ge)科技明白人培(pei)訓(xun)，有力支(zhi)撐了全省農(nong)業(ye)(ye)。在(zai)(zai)促進新型(xing)主(zhu)體發展方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，山東每年(nian)培(pei)育的(de)職業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民(min)領(ling)辦興辦新型(xing)經營主(zhu)體超過1萬(wan)家，陜西新型(xing)經營主(zhu)體由2013年(nian)的(de)2.42萬(wan)個(ge)增(zeng)加到(dao)5.54萬(wan)個(ge)。在(zai)(zai)推(tui)動創業(ye)(ye)創新方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，河南(nan)參加培(pei)訓(xun)的(de)學員(yuan)(yuan)自主(zhu)創業(ye)(ye)率增(zeng)加20%以(yi)上，湖(hu)南(nan)創業(ye)(ye)培(pei)訓(xun)學員(yuan)(yuan)帶動普通農(nong)民(min)戶(hu)均增(zeng)收(shou)5000元(yuan)。

創新機制提升質量

“過去(qu)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產以(yi)產量(liang)為(wei)導向(xiang)，人(ren)才培(pei)養更(geng)關注數量(liang)規(gui)模，重點(dian)(dian)在(zai)切蛋糕、分(fen)資金、下任務；現在(zai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村統籌發(fa)展(zhan)，步入(ru)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)階段(duan)，人(ren)才培(pei)養也要圍(wei)繞提升質量(liang)，向(xiang)建機(ji)制、定規(gui)范轉變。”廖(liao)西元認(ren)為(wei)，要創(chuang)新職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)民培(pei)訓(xun)模式(shi)，以(yi)產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)為(wei)立足點(dian)(dian)，以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產技(ji)能和經營管理水平提升為(wei)兩條(tiao)主線，分(fen)階段(duan)集(ji)中培(pei)訓(xun)、實習實訓(xun)、參觀考(kao)察和生(sheng)(sheng)產實踐，培(pei)訓(xun)過程至少涵蓋一個產業(ye)(ye)周期(qi)。

目前，全(quan)國已基本形成農(nong)業(ye)部(bu)門(men)牽頭，以(yi)公(gong)益性培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)機構為主體，市(shi)場力(li)量參(can)與的“一主多元”職業(ye)農(nong)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)體系。江蘇(su)開展“定制(zhi)(zhi)村官”培(pei)養(yang)(yang)、湖北實施“一村多名大學生計劃”、安徽聯合農(nong)業(ye)大學培(pei)育(yu)青年農(nong)場主，探索(suo)實現短期培(pei)訓(xun)(xun)與職業(ye)教(jiao)育(yu)的銜接機制(zhi)(zhi)，高端職業(ye)農(nong)民(min)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)邁出新步伐(fa)。國家(jia)農(nong)業(ye)擔保公(gong)司、郵(you)儲銀(yin)行、中信農(nong)業(ye)等企(qi)業(ye)積極(ji)參(can)與培(pei)育(yu)工作，為職業(ye)農(nong)民(min)發(fa)展注入市(shi)場動(dong)能。

農(nong)(nong)業廣(guang)(guang)播電(dian)視學校(xiao)(xiao)是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)惟(wei)一一所(suo)具有從(cong)中央到省、市、縣完整辦學體系(xi)的(de)公益(yi)性教(jiao)育培(pei)訓(xun)機構，且專(zhuan)門(men)從(cong)事農(nong)(nong)民(min)教(jiao)育培(pei)訓(xun)。中央農(nong)(nong)業廣(guang)(guang)播電(dian)視學校(xiao)(xiao)黨(dang)委書記杭大(da)鵬說(shuo)，農(nong)(nong)廣(guang)(guang)校(xiao)(xiao)體系(xi)已(yi)成為承擔職業農(nong)(nong)民(min)培(pei)訓(xun)的(de)主陣地。2018年(nian)，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)共有1484所(suo)農(nong)(nong)廣(guang)(guang)校(xiao)(xiao)承擔培(pei)訓(xun)任(ren)(ren)務，占(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)廣(guang)(guang)校(xiao)(xiao)總數的(de)66.3%。體系(xi)承擔培(pei)訓(xun)任(ren)(ren)務60.18萬人，占(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)任(ren)(ren)務總量62.24%。今后農(nong)(nong)廣(guang)(guang)校(xiao)(xiao)體系(xi)將通過(guo)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)新型職業農(nong)(nong)民(min)培(pei)育示范基地遴選，田間學校(xiao)(xiao)建設，引(yin)領帶動(dong)各類培(pei)育基地更好(hao)地發揮作用。

育農(nong)（北(bei)京）教育科技有限(xian)公(gong)司是一家(jia)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)創新(xin)教育機構(gou)，集培訓(xun)學院、聚農(nong)智庫、校企(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)訓(xun)為一體。公(gong)司與中國農(nong)業(ye)(ye)大學合辦鄉村振興青年菁英班，組(zu)織(zhi)農(nong)大學子與青年企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)、新(xin)型農(nong)民(min)等(deng)同堂(tang)上課，邀(yao)請行業(ye)(ye)專家(jia)授課，到現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)考察，對接(jie)校企(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)訓(xun)項目(mu)，幫助(zhu)新(xin)型農(nong)業(ye)(ye)人才加快(kuai)成長(chang)。公(gong)司業(ye)(ye)務負責(ze)人劉亮說：“我們還建立了在(zai)線學堂(tang)小滿學院，通過(guo)品牌(pai)營銷、創業(ye)(ye)經驗等(deng)知(zhi)識分享，幫助(zhu)新(xin)型農(nong)民(min)了解(jie)創業(ye)(ye)過(guo)程中需掌握哪些知(zhi)識、避開什么坑，讓他們能站在(zai)消費(fei)者的角(jiao)度(du)去把(ba)控生產。”

探索建立制度框架

2019年(nian)(nian)，中央財(cai)政安排(pai)20億元，聚焦鄉村振(zhen)興人才需(xu)求，分層(ceng)分類實施農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經理人、新型農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經營主體帶頭人、農(nong)村實用(yong)人才和現(xian)代創業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新青年(nian)(nian)等培育計劃，全年(nian)(nian)將培育職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民100萬(wan)人以(yi)上。農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)村部(bu)提(ti)出，今年(nian)(nian)將探索(suo)建(jian)立(li)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民制(zhi)度框(kuang)架，繼(ji)續(xu)從(cong)隊伍(wu)建(jian)設(she)、教育培養(yang)、政策(ce)支持(chi)和社會保障等方面(mian)推動建(jian)立(li)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民制(zhi)度，多渠道支持(chi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民發(fa)展(zhan)。同(tong)時(shi)，啟動制(zhi)定職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民總體標(biao)準(zhun)，配套開(kai)展(zhan)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民統(tong)計和監測工作，研究(jiu)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)民從(cong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規范。

上(shang)海(hai)市提出要在(zai)全國率先建立職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)制度(du)。上(shang)海(hai)市農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村委員會副主任(ren)葉軍平說，全面建立職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)制度(du)，加大(da)產業(ye)扶持(chi)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)是保證。在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)，職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)有(you)享受扶持(chi)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的優先權，并作為(wei)市級示范家庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)(nong)場評(ping)定的必要條件。浦東新區(qu)在(zai)土地流轉、農(nong)(nong)(nong)機具購買、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)基礎設施建設等方(fang)面給予(yu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)優惠政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)；松江區(qu)對(dui)(dui)家庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)(nong)場每年安排專項資金給予(yu)獎補；崇明區(qu)在(zai)產業(ye)化(hua)項目扶持(chi)方(fang)面，對(dui)(dui)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)投入(ru)專項資金，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)經(jing)營糧食的家庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)(nong)場，每年有(you)特設考核獎。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)理人(ren)是(shi)新型職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民中的佼佼者。四(si)川省農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村廳總畜牧師趙勇介紹，四(si)川把(ba)職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民制度的建(jian)設(she)重點放在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)理人(ren)上，探索農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)理人(ren)全方位(wei)扶持(chi)政策。在(zai)(zai)職稱(cheng)(cheng)評定(ding)方面(mian)，優(you)先把(ba)認定(ding)的農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)理人(ren)納(na)入職業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民職稱(cheng)(cheng)評定(ding)范圍。在(zai)(zai)生產(chan)扶持(chi)領(ling)域，支持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)(jing)理人(ren)所在(zai)(zai)經(jing)(jing)營主體優(you)先承(cheng)接(jie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)發展等相關支農(nong)(nong)(nong)項(xiang)目(mu)。

廖(liao)西元認(ren)為(wei)，要支持(chi)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民抱(bao)團(tuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。加(jia)強對新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民協會(hui)、聯合(he)會(hui)、創業(ye)(ye)聯盟(meng)等組(zu)織(zhi)的指導和服務，支持(chi)新(xin)型(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民在產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、生產服務、營銷促銷等方面開(kai)展(zhan)聯合(he)與合(he)作，幫助健全管理制度、完善運行機制，促進職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民共同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)；鼓(gu)勵其興辦合(he)作組(zu)織(zhi)。引(yin)導職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民通過(guo)專業(ye)(ye)合(he)作、資金合(he)作、股份合(he)作等形式發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)多(duo)元化、多(duo)類型(xing)合(he)作經(jing)濟組(zu)織(zhi)，綜(zong)合(he)運用(yong)政策引(yin)導、項(xiang)目扶持(chi)、金融服務等手段，積極培育(yu)家庭農(nong)場、農(nong)民合(he)作社等新(xin)型(xing)經(jing)營主體。