為經濟轉型提供人力資源支持
近20年來(lai)(lai),在面對國有企(qi)業改(gai)革(ge)脫困、產業結構調整等(deng)內部壓力以及亞洲(zhou)金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)機、美國次(ci)貸危(wei)機、歐洲(zhou)債務危(wei)機等(deng)外部沖擊時,農民工發揮其(qi)獨特優(you)勢(shi),一次(ci)又一次(ci)支持企(qi)穩(wen)向好(hao),化(hua)解了沖擊帶來(lai)(lai)的經濟和社(she)會矛盾。
上世(shi)紀90年代,江西農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)張華榮在東莞(guan)打(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong),于2002年帶著資(zi)金和技木返(fan)回(hui)贛州(zhou)興辦(ban)鞋廠,吸(xi)納萬名農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)業脫(tuo)貧(pin);貴州(zhou)農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)鄭傳玖到(dao)廣州(zhou)打(da)工(gong)(gong)(gong)做(zuo)吉它(ta),于2013年帶著技術返(fan)回(hui)正(zheng)安后,正(zheng)安縣有關部門(men)通過興辦(ban)吉它(ta)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業園區給予有力支持,吸(xi)納上萬名農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)地就(jiu)業、精準脫(tuo)貧(pin)。
中國勞動學會會長楊志明表示:“農(nong)業勞動力向非農(nong)產(chan)業轉(zhuan)移是世界工業化的普遍發展規律,我國從實際出發,探索具(ju)有中國特色的農(nong)民工發展道路,以‘就業帶動、保障地權、漸(jian)進轉(zhuan)移’為鮮明特征(zheng),讓(rang)農(nong)民工進得了城、又(you)回(hui)得了鄉。進退(tui)有據(ju)是制度創新的一大亮點。”
近年來(lai),由(you)于工(gong)業(ye)機器人(ren)使用(yong)快速增加(jia),沿海地(di)區(qu)出現(xian)“騰籠(long)換鳥(niao)”“機器換人(ren)”“電商換市(shi)”等(deng)轉型(xing)態勢,農民(min)(min)工(gong)就業(ye)形勢如何?中國(guo)勞動(dong)關系學院校(xiao)長(chang)劉向兵表(biao)示,農民(min)(min)工(gong)群(qun)體繼續積極利用(yong)自(zi)身的流動(dong)能(neng)力和(he)靈活就業(ye)能(neng)力迎接產業(ye)結(jie)構調整(zheng)等(deng)各項挑戰。楊志明提(ti)出,經過在城(cheng)市(shi)打工(gong)磨煉和(he)積累,有點資(zi)金、技(ji)術(shu)、營(ying)銷渠道、辦廠(chang)能(neng)力和(he)鄉(xiang)土情(qing)感的“五有”農民(min)(min)工(gong)持(chi)續返鄉(xiang)創業(ye)成為振興鄉(xiang)村的生力軍,率先破解中西(xi)部地(di)區(qu)長(chang)期留不住勞動(dong)力、縣域經濟(ji)招商引資(zi)簽得多見效少、東部地(di)區(qu)勞動(dong)密集產業(ye)向西(xi)部轉移落地(di)少的難題(ti),有效解決農村“三(san)留守”突出問題(ti)。農民(min)(min)工(gong)的城(cheng)鄉(xiang)“自(zi)由(you)流動(dong)”機制有利于市(shi)場合理(li)配置勞動(dong)力資(zi)源。在應對經濟(ji)新常態時,農民(min)(min)工(gong)或與(yu)企業(ye)抱團(tuan)取(qu)暖,或就地(di)參加(jia)技(ji)能(neng)培訓,或回到(dao)農村尋找落腳(jiao)之地(di),為經濟(ji)轉型(xing)提(ti)供人(ren)力資(zi)源支持(chi)。
加速市民化職業化步伐
農(nong)民(min)工(gong)群體釋放的(de)人口(kou)紅利是中國(guo)經濟發(fa)展的(de)重要(yao)源泉,是推動中國(guo)工(gong)業化(hua)和城市化(hua)建設的(de)主力(li)軍(jun)。然而,農(nong)民(min)工(gong)發(fa)展存在不平衡不充分(fen)的(de)問題(ti),解決農(nong)民(min)工(gong)發(fa)展問題(ti)已成為當下必須完成的(de)時代使命。
楊志明提出,目前,農(nong)(nong)民工總體上已進入(ru)以(yi)技能促(cu)就業(ye)、以(yi)公共服務促(cu)融入(ru)階(jie)段,提升農(nong)(nong)民工市民化和職業(ye)化程度是當務之(zhi)急(ji)。
“在(zai)農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)市(shi)民化建設方面,存在(zai)‘三低(di)兩多’難(nan)題。小企(qi)業農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)勞動(dong)合同簽訂(ding)率較低(di),參(can)加城(cheng)鎮職(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)社會保(bao)險比例較低(di),一線(xian)工(gong)(gong)資水平總體(ti)較低(di),在(zai)高危行業、污染企(qi)業工(gong)(gong)傷事故和(he)職(zhi)(zhi)業病較多,勞動(dong)爭議較多。”楊志明表示(shi)。
在農民工(gong)職業技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)提升(sheng)方面,存(cun)在技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)培(pei)訓相(xiang)對(dui)薄弱,技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)水平總(zong)體偏低,多(duo)數從事中低端勞動,就業穩定性差(cha)等問題。有些用人單位不夠重視農民工(gong)人力(li)資(zi)本提升(sheng),技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)培(pei)訓不足。
對此,楊志明概(gai)括地(di)(di)提(ti)出了農民(min)(min)工(gong)市民(min)(min)化推進的(de)“十有(you)(you)(you)”途(tu)經:進城有(you)(you)(you)工(gong)作,上崗有(you)(you)(you)技能,勞(lao)動有(you)(you)(you)合同(tong),收入有(you)(you)(you)增長,參(can)保有(you)(you)(you)辦(ban)法,子女有(you)(you)(you)教(jiao)育,住宿有(you)(you)(you)改善,維權有(you)(you)(you)渠道(dao),生(sheng)活有(you)(you)(you)文化,發(fa)展(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)目標(biao)。應當加大支持農民(min)(min)工(gong)就業(ye)(ye)、創業(ye)(ye)的(de)扶助力度,通過減費降稅等“真金白(bai)銀”的(de)政策(ce)落地(di)(di),使中小企(qi)業(ye)(ye)成為農民(min)(min)工(gong)就業(ye)(ye)主渠道(dao)。
農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)市民(min)(min)化建設(she)離不開權益保障。對(dui)此,劉向兵提出(chu),我們應(ying)當(dang)充分結合農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)業(ye)特點,加強企業(ye)、行業(ye)和社區(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)組織的建設(she),提升農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)入會(hui)率。監(jian)督用人單位及時足額發放(fang)勞動報酬、改(gai)善勞動環境、足額繳納社會(hui)保險費,做好(hao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的失(shi)業(ye)登記、職業(ye)介紹、職業(ye)培(pei)訓及法(fa)律(lv)援助(zhu)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,暢通農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)工(gong)(gong)(gong)利益訴求(qiu)渠道。
在職(zhi)業(ye)化(hua)建(jian)(jian)設(she)方(fang)面,中國(guo)人(ren)民(min)大(da)學勞(lao)動人(ren)事學院院長楊偉國(guo)提出,“政府應探索建(jian)(jian)立(li)貫通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)普通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)教育與(yu)(yu)(yu)職(zhi)業(ye)教育、貫通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)國(guo)民(min)教育與(yu)(yu)(yu)社會(hui)教育、貫通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)下教育與(yu)(yu)(yu)線(xian)上教育的終(zhong)生學習戰略。”加強(qiang)農民(min)工職(zhi)業(ye)培(pei)訓體系建(jian)(jian)設(she)和人(ren)力資本(ben)投資,深化(hua)職(zhi)業(ye)教育改革,積極(ji)引導行業(ye)組織、企業(ye)、教育機構等社會(hui)力量參與(yu)(yu)(yu)農民(min)工職(zhi)業(ye)技能的培(pei)訓,拓寬(kuan)農民(min)工職(zhi)業(ye)發展路徑。
應著力保障新就業形態農民工權益
隨著(zhu)中國進入(ru)后工業發展(zhan)階段(duan),新(xin)(xin)舊動能(neng)加速轉換,新(xin)(xin)技術(shu)、新(xin)(xin)業態層(ceng)出(chu)不窮(qiong),先進制造業和新(xin)(xin)型(xing)建筑業正在規模化吸納(na)新(xin)(xin)生代(dai)農民工技工,現代(dai)服務業新(xin)(xin)業態正成(cheng)為吸納(na)農民工就業的(de)大產(chan)業。
“靈活雇(gu)傭的(de)發展(zhan)已經(jing)(jing)成(cheng)為一種趨勢(shi),促進了勞(lao)動(dong)分工精細化,擴大了農民工的(de)就業渠道,推動(dong)了新經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)模式的(de)發展(zhan)。”首(shou)都經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)貿(mao)易大學(xue)勞(lao)動(dong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)學(xue)院(yuan)院(yuan)長馮(feng)喜良(liang)表示。
然而,新就業形態也給農(nong)民(min)工的權益保(bao)障帶來(lai)了新問題,農(nong)民(min)工就業狀況較(jiao)不穩定(ding),勞動(dong)關系難認(ren)定(ding),勞動(dong)保(bao)障存在缺失(shi),勞動(dong)條件較(jiao)差(cha),勞動(dong)保(bao)護不足,勞動(dong)管理不到位。
“我們不(bu)能將新(xin)(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)形態(tai)視為(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)民工(gong)權益保護缺失的代名詞(ci)。不(bu)能把新(xin)(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)形態(tai)視為(wei)(wei)非正規就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)、非標準就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)、非典型就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)、非主(zhu)流就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye),不(bu)能給新(xin)(xin)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)賦予負面(mian)(mian)消極(ji)的含義。”楊偉國(guo)表(biao)示。在新(xin)(xin)的就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)市(shi)場中,我們應充(chong)分挖掘數字技(ji)術潛力,著力幫(bang)助農(nong)(nong)民工(gong)順利(li)轉換(huan)就(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)形態(tai)。提供實時(shi)的工(gong)作(zuo)市(shi)場信息,確保工(gong)作(zuo)機會的連(lian)續性。應當(dang)強化工(gong)作(zuo)市(shi)場監控,適應新(xin)(xin)形勢,修正法(fa)律法(fa)規體系,加(jia)強對(dui)物理與(yu)虛擬工(gong)作(zuo)平(ping)臺的監管,保障(zhang)農(nong)(nong)民工(gong)的權利(li)與(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)條件(jian),確保體面(mian)(mian)工(gong)作(zuo)。
“我(wo)們應當構建(jian)新的制度框(kuang)架(jia)。新就業形態所(suo)面臨的問題在(zai)現有的制度框(kuang)架(jia)中(zhong)尚(shang)未涵蓋。我(wo)們可(ke)以(yi)(yi)探索以(yi)(yi)權(quan)責對等為(wei)基本原則,即對于農(nong)(nong)民(min)工(gong)用工(gong)企業,按照‘誰受益誰承擔,受益多少承擔多少’的要求保(bao)障農(nong)(nong)民(min)工(gong)權(quan)益。”馮喜良提出,針對目(mu)前最需要解決的靈(ling)活(huo)雇傭中(zhong)農(nong)(nong)民(min)工(gong)工(gong)傷保(bao)險(xian)問題,應當分(fen)階段逐步建(jian)立靈(ling)活(huo)的工(gong)傷保(bao)險(xian)制度。可(ke)以(yi)(yi)探索以(yi)(yi)社平(ping)(ping)工(gong)資(zi)和私營(ying)企業工(gong)資(zi)平(ping)(ping)均水平(ping)(ping)為(wei)基數繳(jiao)費,為(wei)農(nong)(nong)民(min)工(gong)提供城鎮職工(gong)社會(hui)保(bao)障。
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