2020屆山東高校畢業生留存量提升,頭部城市引才效應顯著
齊魯人才網 . 2021-07-27發(fa)布(bu)

作(zuo)為(wei)經濟社會(hui)發展的(de)(de)第一資源,人(ren)才(cai)尤其是高(gao)學歷人(ren)才(cai)一直是各城市(shi)和(he)地區爭奪的(de)(de)焦點(dian)。作(zuo)為(wei)教育大省的(de)(de)山東(dong),2020屆畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)數也將突破70萬人(ren),再(zai)創歷史新高(gao)。那么(me),2020屆山東(dong)高(gao)校(xiao)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)不同城市(shi)之間的(de)(de)流(liu)動(dong)現狀究竟如何?影(ying)響(xiang)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)流(liu)動(dong)的(de)(de)因素有哪(na)些?各城市(shi)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)留(liu)存狀況(kuang)如何?齊魯(lu)人(ren)才(cai)網基于(yu)網站2020年山東(dong)省駐魯(lu)高(gao)校(xiao)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就業(ye)(ye)樣(yang)本抽樣(yang)調(diao)查(涉及(ji)138所(suo)高(gao)校(xiao)183587名畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)),對上述問題進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分析,以期為(wei)高(gao)校(xiao)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)群體提供就業(ye)(ye)決策的(de)(de)參考,也為(wei)政府進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)鼓勵(li)和(he)促進(jin)(jin)人(ren)才(cai)合理(li)流(liu)動(dong),提高(gao)經濟發展效率,促進(jin)(jin)經濟快速(su)增長,提供可資借鑒的(de)(de)實證依(yi)據(ju)。

注:文中畢業生數據為齊魯人才網正在發生求職交易的市場化數據

"留魯"率逐年提高,2020屆超8成畢業生"選擇山東"

齊魯人才網:2020屆山東高校畢業生留存量提升,頭部城市引才效應顯著(1)

如上圖所(suo)示2020屆駐(zhu)魯(lu)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)中,留在山東省(sheng)內就業的畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)占比為84.37%;流向省(sheng)外(wai)就業的占比為15.63%。同比2019屆駐(zhu)魯(lu)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)流動情況,2020屆駐(zhu)魯(lu)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)省(sheng)內流動占比增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了5.06%,對比2018屆畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)數據(ju)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了16.16個百分點。駐(zhu)魯(lu)高(gao)(gao)校(xiao)(xiao)畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)省(sheng)內留存狀(zhuang)況已逐漸趨于穩(wen)定并保持穩(wen)定增(zeng)(zeng)長態(tai)勢。

隨著"搶(qiang)人(ren)大戰"的持續升溫(wen),各(ge)地(di)對(dui)于(yu)年(nian)輕人(ren)才尤其是對(dui)擁有高(gao)(gao)技能(neng)、高(gao)(gao)學(xue)歷的應(ying)屆畢業(ye)生爭奪愈發激烈(lie),"送(song)錢送(song)戶口"的人(ren)才政(zheng)策已基本(ben)淪為"常(chang)規操作",因此(ci)當地(di)政(zheng)府的"雙招(zhao)雙引",一定程度上(shang)也將影響(xiang)(xiang)畢業(ye)生的留(liu)存與否。除此(ci)之外,受(shou)今年(nian)疫情(qing)影響(xiang)(xiang),人(ren)才流動活性較(jiao)往(wang)年(nian)有所下降,因此(ci)越來越多的駐魯高(gao)(gao)校畢業(ye)生選擇留(liu)在(zai)省(sheng)內就業(ye)。

山東籍畢業生普遍"戀家",非山東籍畢業生"留魯"率不足4成

齊魯人才網:2020屆山東高校畢業生留存量提升,頭部城市引才效應顯著(2)

借鑒菲戈安對流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)分類方法(fa),我(wo)們按照生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(戶籍地(di)(di))、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)和(he)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)的(de)組合情況將高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)分為以下五(wu)種類型:一(yi)是(shi)(shi)繼續流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong),指(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為就讀大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)從(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)到(dao)高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di),畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)從(cong)高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)到(dao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)和(he)院校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)地(di)(di)以外的(de)地(di)(di)方就業(ye)(ye)(ye);二是(shi)(shi)返回流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong),指(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為就讀大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)而發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了由生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)到(dao)高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong),畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后(hou)(hou)又(you)(you)從(cong)高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)返回生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)就業(ye)(ye)(ye);三是(shi)(shi)前期流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong),指(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)從(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)到(dao)高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)就學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后(hou)(hou)就留在(zai)(zai)(zai)高校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)就業(ye)(ye)(ye);四是(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)期流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong),指(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)留在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)就讀大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),而畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后(hou)(hou)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)到(dao)其他(ta)地(di)(di)方就業(ye)(ye)(ye);五(wu)是(shi)(shi)不流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong),指(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)就學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后(hou)(hou)仍留在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)就業(ye)(ye)(ye),沒有發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)過(guo)任(ren)何流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

通過調查發現,返回流動已(yi)成為(wei)不少畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)流動的首要選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze),因此非山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)籍(ji)駐魯(lu)高校(xiao)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)留(liu)存(cun)(cun)情況(kuang)在一(yi)定程度上(shang)也代(dai)表了山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省對于外來人(ren)才的吸(xi)引程度。如上(shang)圖數據(ju)所示,山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)籍(ji)駐魯(lu)高校(xiao)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)普遍選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)留(liu)在省內就(jiu)業(ye)(ye),其留(liu)存(cun)(cun)率高達(da)89.76%;而反(fan)觀非山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)籍(ji)駐魯(lu)高校(xiao)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)留(liu)存(cun)(cun)數據(ju)可見(jian),選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)(ze)省內流動者占比不足四成,僅為(wei)32.36%。由此可見(jian),山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省已(yi)基本(ben)做(zuo)好對于本(ben)土人(ren)才的留(liu)存(cun)(cun)工作,但(dan)對于外來人(ren)才的吸(xi)引仍存(cun)(cun)在短板。

頭部城市吸附力明顯,9市畢業生流動首選濟南

齊魯人才網:2020屆山東高校畢業生留存量提升,頭部城市引才效應顯著(3)

注:畢業生吸引指數為當地畢業生流入量與全省流動畢業生的比值

從16地(di)市(shi)(shi)(shi)2020屆(jie)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)化駐(zhu)魯(lu)高校(xiao)畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)吸引指數(shu)排名來看,濟(ji)南(25.06)、青島(20.58)、煙臺(tai)(tai)(11.22)、濰(wei)坊(6.85)、臨(lin)沂(5.43)是畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)省內(nei)流向最(zui)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)5個地(di)區,共(gong)占流動畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)69.14%。而以(yi)濟(ji)南、青島、煙臺(tai)(tai)為(wei)代表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)山東省頭(tou)部城市(shi)(shi)(shi),對于畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)吸引力(li)最(zui)大,共(gong)計吸引了56.86%的(de)(de)(de)2020屆(jie)駐(zhu)魯(lu)高校(xiao)畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)。反觀(guan)眾多(duo)三四線(xian)城市(shi)(shi)(shi),對于畢(bi)(bi)業生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)吸附(fu)能(neng)力(li)依然欠佳,這其中又(you)以(yi)德州(1.42)、聊城(1.37)、棗莊(1.09)三市(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)為(wei)突出。

齊魯人才網:2020屆山東高校畢業生留存量提升,頭部城市引才效應顯著(4)

由上圖2020屆(jie)山東(dong)16地市(shi)(shi)高校畢(bi)業(ye)生(sheng)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)軌(gui)跡來看,畢(bi)業(ye)生(sheng)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)量最(zui)大的城市(shi)(shi)為濟南,青(qing)島(dao)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)量緊隨(sui)其后(hou),煙臺(tai)市(shi)(shi)位列第三。從全省畢(bi)業(ye)生(sheng)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)軌(gui)跡來看,泰安、濟寧(ning)、德州、聊城、菏(he)澤、淄博、臨沂、東(dong)營、棗莊(zhuang) 9市(shi)(shi)畢(bi)業(ye)生(sheng)省內流動(dong)(dong)(dong)首選濟南;濰坊(fang)、煙臺(tai)、濟南、日(ri)照則與青(qing)島(dao)間的流動(dong)(dong)(dong)更(geng)為密切。除此之外,青(qing)島(dao)畢(bi)業(ye)生(sheng)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)首選濰坊(fang);威海畢(bi)業(ye)生(sheng)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)首選煙臺(tai);濱州畢(bi)業(ye)生(sheng)流動(dong)(dong)(dong)首選東(dong)營。

濟(ji)(ji)南、青島(dao)兩市(shi)作(zuo)為我省"政治(zhi)中(zhong)心"和(he)(he)"經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)中(zhong)心",除經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)優勢和(he)(he)當地(di)(di)(di)產業(ye)(ye)結構外(wai),兩地(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為省內高校聚集(ji)地(di)(di)(di),兩市(shi)2020屆畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)生數量也名列前(qian)茅。通過調查發現,除返(fan)回流(liu)動外(wai),前(qian)期流(liu)動,即學生從(cong)生源地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)動到(dao)高校所(suo)在地(di)(di)(di)就學,畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)后就留在高校所(suo)在地(di)(di)(di)就業(ye)(ye),也成為不少畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)生就業(ye)(ye)的選擇,因此兩地(di)(di)(di)畢(bi)業(ye)(ye)生流(liu)入量大幅領先省內其他(ta)城(cheng)市(shi)。

政策引導并非首要因素,"三駕馬車"決定畢業生留存與否

齊魯人才網:2020屆山東高校畢業生留存量提升,頭部城市引才效應顯著(5)

隨著(zhu)畢業(ye)(ye)季(ji)的(de)(de)來(lai)臨(lin),新一輪的(de)(de)"搶人(ren)(ren)大戰(zhan)"戰(zhan)火再(zai)次重燃,這(zhe)也(ye)帶(dai)出了一個城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)關鍵命題,城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)該靠什(shen)么(me)吸引(yin)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)?又(you)該靠什(shen)么(me)留(liu)住(zhu)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)?"給戶(hu)口、給錢,甚至送房"已經成(cheng)為人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)政策的(de)(de)"標配",但是(shi)"人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)"真正需要(yao)的(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)些嗎?據齊(qi)魯人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)網調查顯示,戶(hu)口并不是(shi)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)關注(zhu)重點。經濟發(fa)展(zhan)、產業(ye)(ye)結構、人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)競爭已成(cheng)為"三駕(jia)馬(ma)車(che)"決定著(zhu)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)留(liu)存與否,其占比分別為21.81%、20.90%和19.74%;只有15.37%的(de)(de)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)關心當地人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)政策。也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)說,相(xiang)比一個政策優惠的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi),畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)更(geng)愿(yuan)意選(xuan)擇一座(zuo)配套設施完善(shan)且更(geng)具(ju)發(fa)展(zhan)潛力的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。

這(zhe)意味著,各地在(zai)人才引進的(de)(de)時候不(bu)(bu)能只拿戶(hu)口和政策(ce)說(shuo)事,雖然在(zai)短(duan)期(qi)內有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)效果,但長(chang)此以往,對于畢業生的(de)(de)吸(xi)引力會逐(zhu)漸(jian)降低。隨著"搶(qiang)人大(da)戰(zhan)"由送錢送戶(hu)口的(de)(de)"1.0模(mo)式"過渡到比拼城市(shi)硬(ying)實力的(de)(de)"2.0模(mo)式",想要(yao)真正留下人才,已不(bu)(bu)是只出臺一(yi)(yi)些(xie)優(you)惠政策(ce)就(jiu)可以搞定(ding)的(de)(de)。城市(shi)重要(yao)的(de)(de)是考(kao)慮怎樣給(gei)人才創造一(yi)(yi)個能夠不(bu)(bu)斷成長(chang)、不(bu)(bu)斷發展(zhan)的(de)(de)環(huan)境,這(zhe)比承諾優(you)惠條(tiao)件更為重要(yao)。

16地市2020屆駐魯高校畢業生薪酬曝光,青島、濟南、臨沂均破6000!

齊魯人才網:2020屆山東高校畢業生留存量提升,頭部城市引才效應顯著(6)

通過上(shang)(shang)文山東2020屆駐魯高校畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)流動因素可見,經(jing)濟發展因素依(yi)然(ran)占(zhan)據(ju)主導。畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)的高低在一定程度上(shang)(shang)也(ye)能(neng)反應出當(dang)(dang)地(di)經(jing)濟狀(zhuang)況。就上(shang)(shang)圖16地(di)市(shi)(shi)駐魯高校畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)可見,青島(dao)市(shi)(shi)以6304元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)登頂(ding);濟南(nan)市(shi)(shi)畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)排名第(di)二,為(wei)6182元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan);臨沂市(shi)(shi)以6099元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)排在全省(sheng)第(di)三位。當(dang)(dang)前(qian)(qian)全省(sheng)僅(jin)以上(shang)(shang)3座城市(shi)(shi)畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)平均薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)突破6000元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。濰坊市(shi)(shi)5997元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)排第(di)四位;而畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)吸附力較(jiao)強的煙臺僅(jin)排第(di)五位,畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)為(wei)5741元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。日照、棗莊兩(liang)地(di)畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)相對(dui)較(jiao)低,僅(jin)為(wei)5180元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和5082元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。目前(qian)(qian)全省(sheng)畢(bi)(bi)(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)薪(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)酬(chou)均在5000元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以上(shang)(shang)。

對于高(gao)校(xiao)畢業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而言,人(ren)力(li)資(zi)本(ben)積累(lei)是(shi)(shi)促進流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)重(zhong)要因素。我們建議:高(gao)校(xiao)畢業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)應(ying)努(nu)力(li)提升自身人(ren)力(li)資(zi)本(ben)水平(ping),培(pei)養(yang)與勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)相適應(ying)的(de)各項能(neng)(neng)力(li),增強(qiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)意愿和(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)力(li),最大(da)限度(du)地(di)(di)促進人(ren)盡其才(cai)(cai)、才(cai)(cai)盡其用的(de)實現。特別是(shi)(shi)對于那些有創(chuang)(chuang)新意愿和(he)(he)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)需求的(de)畢業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),越(yue)(yue)是(shi)(shi)大(da)城市(shi)越(yue)(yue)是(shi)(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)新人(ren)才(cai)(cai)集中的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang),技術和(he)(he)資(zi)金越(yue)(yue)豐富,創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)的(de)環境越(yue)(yue)好,成功的(de)概(gai)率越(yue)(yue)大(da)。因此,高(gao)校(xiao)畢業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在選擇就業(ye)城市(shi)的(de)時(shi)候(hou),應(ying)該考慮(lv)能(neng)(neng)否將(jiang)個(ge)人(ren)的(de)興趣、專業(ye)與工作更(geng)好地(di)(di)結合在一起,發揮出(chu)(chu)個(ge)人(ren)的(de)所學(xue)所長,使(shi)個(ge)人(ren)效(xiao)用達到(dao)最大(da)化,同時(shi)也能(neng)(neng)為社會做出(chu)(chu)更(geng)大(da)的(de)貢獻。